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Which of the following is NOT one of the four characteristics of IPOs that puzzle financial economists? Select one: a. The long-run performance of a newly public company (three to five years from the date of issue) is superior to the overall market return. b. On average, IPOs appear to be underpriced. c. Total costs of the IPO are very high, and it is unclear why firms willingly incur such high costs. d. The number of issues is highly cyclical.